Grammar+Gurus

Grammar Gurus
See the CLB chart at the bottom of this page and fill in your 'happy face' chart as you go through all the exercises from Level 1-2 first to 5-6.


 * **Adjective**
 * Name** || **eduLINC**
 * Username=Password** || **Class** || **GG**
 * CLB 1-2** || **GG CLB 3-4** || **GG CLB 5-6** || **GG CLB 7-8** ||  ||
 * Hopeful || S4573 || LHS ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Important || S4579 || CB 3-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Romantic || S4580 || CCS 4-5 || J ||  ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Sweet48 || S4582 || CB 3-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Sweet || S4585 || CB 3-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Natural || S4586 || CB 3-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Magnetic || S4589 || CB 3-5 || J ||  ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Dreamy || S33531 || CCS 4-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Shiny || S33532 || CCS 4-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Rosy || S33533 || CCS 4-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Famous || S33534 || CCS 4-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Lively || S33535 || CCS 4-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Lucky || S33536 || CCS 4-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Peaceful || S33537 || CCS 4-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Modern || S33538 || CCS 4-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Hopeful || S33539 || CCS 4-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Bright || S33540 || CB 3-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Super || S33541 || CB 3-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Happy || S33542 || CB 3-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Equal || S33543 || CCS 4-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Beautiful || S33544 || CB 3-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Alluring || S33545 || CB 3-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Real || S33546 || CB 3-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Lovely || S33547 || CB 3-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Intelligent || S33548 || CB 3-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Inspired || S33549 || CB 3-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Wonderful || S33550 || CB 3-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Great || S33551 || CB 3-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Musical || S33552 || CB 3-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Mighty || S33553 || CB 3-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Amazing27 || S33554 || CCS 4-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Amazing || S33555 || CCS 4-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Lovely || S33556 || CCS 4-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Friendly || S33557 || CCS 4-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Unique || S33558 || CB 3-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * XXX || S33559-S33578 || CB 5-8 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * XXX || S33579 || ?? ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Merry || S33580 || CCS 4-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Adorable || S33581 || CCS 4-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Zippy || S33582 || CCS 4-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Magic || S33583 || CCS 4-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Royal || S33584 || CCS 4-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Radiant || S33585 || CCS 4-5 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * GEIROD || S33586 || LHS ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * KULSAR || S33587 || LHS ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ZAKHLA || S33588 || LHS ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ALYGEO || S33589 || LHS ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Daring || S33590 || Teacher ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||

**G** ** rammar Items – LINC Level 5 **
 * All previous grammar items from LINC 1-4 plus:
 * 1) "Wish' = present and past unreal
 * 2) Advisability, past modals (could have, should have, etc.0
 * 3) Noun Clauses
 * 4) Passive Voice
 * 5) Purpose
 * 6) Past Perfect
 * 7) Future Continuous
 * 8) Future Perfect

**G** ** rammar Items – LINC Level 4 **
 * All previous grammar items from LINC 1-3 plus:
 * 1) Adjectives: Present / past participle
 * 2) Adjective clauses
 * 3) Adverbs: Equative, non-equative
 * 4) Adverb clauses
 * 5) Conditional sentences: Real, unreal
 * 6) Gerunds and infinitives
 * 7) Logical connectors: Transition words, adverbial clause words
 * 8) Pronouns: Relative, reciprocal, indefinite
 * 9) Questions: Embedded
 * 10) Rejoinders
 * 11) Speech: Reported Speech


 * Grammar Items – LINC Level 3 **
 * All previous grammar items from LINC 1-2 plus:
 * 1) Adjectives: Intensifier, equative, non-equative
 * 2) Adjective phrases
 * 3) Adverbs: Intensifier, comparative, superlative, duration
 * 4) Expressions: Quantity
 * 5) Modals: Obligation, prohibition, degrees of certainty, habitual past
 * 6) Phrasal verbs: separable, non-separable
 * 7) Pronouns: reflexive
 * 8) Questions: Tag
 * 9) Speech: Direct
 * 10) Verbs: Verbs + gerunds or infinitives to express likes,, dislikes, needs, wants
 * 11) Verb tenses: Past continuous, present perfect

- Carefree 13-04-04

Source: Grammar Spiralling Grid, The Adult ESL Curriculum Guidelines, Toronto Catholic District School Board **Grammar Proficiency at Canadian Language Benchmarks 1-10**

We have added some websites where you can practice various grammar items. You can also google the grammar items to find other available resources to practise them. If you find something good or better that what we have here, email us. Most of the listed websites cover all aspects of English grammar so be sure to browse their contents.

(in an alphabetical order) ||=  **CLB 1-2** ||=  **CLB 3-4** ||=  **CLB** **5-6** ||= ** CLB 7-8 ** ||=  **CLB 9-10** || **Learning material available online** || Using Articles @http://www.eslwriting.org/12967/learn-english-writing-articles-esl-students-essays-composition/ || Practice the IF clauses || another exercise || Wish 2 Wish 3 || [] || http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/73.html || [] [] ||
 * **Grammar Items**
 * **Additions to remarks,** e.g. so do I, neither is she ||=  ||=   ||= *** ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || 'So do I' activity ||
 * **Adjectives:** ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   || Everything about adjectives ||
 * possessive, demonstrative, e.g. my, she, this ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Explanation of possessive 's' ||
 * comparative, superlative; intensifiers, e.g. taller, the tallest; much taller ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Comparative and superlative adjectives ||
 * indefinite adjectives ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Explanation and exercises ||
 * equative, non-equative ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Explanation and Exercises at Bottom of Page ||
 * order of adjectives ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || adjective order ||
 * adjectives with definite article, e.g. the rich ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * present and past participles ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Participial adjectives Exercise ||
 * linking verbs + adjectives ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Linking verbs+adj Exercise ||
 * **Adjective clauses:** ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   ||   ||
 * defining and non-defining ||=  ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Adjective clauses ||
 * reducing adjective clauses (leaving out relative pronoun) ||=  ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Point 2 re: reducing ||
 * prepositions in adjective clauses (at the end/beginning) ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Prepositions in adjective clauses ||
 * **Adverbs:** ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   ||   ||
 * adverbs of frequency ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || [] ||
 * adverbs of time, place, manner ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Exercises ||
 * comparative, superlative; intensifiers (adverbs of degree) ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Exercise ||
 * equative, non-equative ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Equative Adverb Exercises ||
 * adverbs and word order (position of adverbs) ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || [|order of Adverbs word order] ||
 * adverbial phrases ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   || Exercises ||
 * **Adverb clauses** ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Adverbials on BBC ||
 * **Articles:** ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   || Articles Some more examples
 * definite, indefinite ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || The/a ||
 * articles in names of places ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Jennifer's video  ||
 * articles in phrases of time and place ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || [] ||
 * **Conditional sentences:** ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   || Conditional sentences
 * real conditionals: present, future, i.e. 0 and 1st conditional ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || 0&1st conditionals ||
 * unreal conditionals: present, i.e. 2nd conditional ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || 2nd conditional song on youtube
 * unreal conditionals: past, i.e. 3rd conditional ||=  ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Third conditional ||
 * should in present conditionals ||=  ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Should you see  him again, walk the other way! ||
 * omitting 'if' (inversion in conditionals) ||=  ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Omitting IF ||
 * implied conditions ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Implied conditions ||
 * mixed conditionals ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Mixed ||
 * wish ||=  ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Wish Examples
 * **Emphatic structures:** ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   || Adding emphasis ||
 * //do// ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || []
 * //no// vs. //not// ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Exercise ||
 * cleft sentences //(it, wh-)// ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Cleft Sentence Exercises ||
 * **Fronted negatives** //(none, no, neither)// ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Fronted Negative Exercises ||
 * **Gerunds and infinitives:** ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   ||   ||
 * present form after common verbs ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * gerunds and infinitives as subject, object, complement ||=  ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * past form ||=  ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Compare present and past gerund fprms ||
 * past and passive forms ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * **Logical connectors:** ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   ||   ||
 * sequence markers ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Logical and sequence connectors ||
 * coordinating conjunctions ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Exercises about conjunctions ||
 * correlative (paired) conjunctions ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * sentence connectors (subordinate conjunctions) ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Subordinating Conjunction Exercises ||
 * transitions (discourse organizers) ||=  ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Transition exercises ||
 * **Modals:** ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   || Modals - Advanced analysis ||
 * request ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Exercises ||
 * ability, possibility ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Can, may, must explanation and quiz ||
 * necessity, obligation, permission, prohibition ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || [|Compare Modals of Obligation and Modals of Suggestion (exercise)] ||
 * certainty, probability ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Modals of Certainty and Probability (Great Explanation and Exercises!) ||
 * suggestion, advice, promise ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Modals of Advice (exercises) ||
 * habitual past ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * advisability and past modals ||=  ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Advisability Modal Exercises ||
 * **Nouns:** ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   ||   ||
 * singular, plural ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Exercises ||
 * countable, non-countable ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || http://www.englishpage.com/minitutorials/countable-uncountable-nouns.htm ||
 * collective (pair and group nouns) ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * possessive forms ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/agr_possessives.html ||
 * noun modifiers ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Explanation and quiz ||
 * **Noun clauses** ||=  ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * **Passive Voice:** ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   ||   ||
 * transitive, intransitive verbs ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Quiz ||
 * causative 'have' ||=  ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * **Partitives** ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * **Phrasal verbs:** ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   ||   ||
 * common phrasal verbs ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Common Phrasal Verb List and Meanings (see Quiz at Bottom of Page) ||
 * separable, non-separable ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * **Prepositions:** ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   ||   ||
 * time, place, movement, duration, purpose ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Prepositions time, place, direction exercises ||
 * verb/adjective+preposition clusters ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * **Pronouns:** ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   ||   ||
 * subject, object, demonstrative ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || [|Replace Nouns with Pronoun (exercise)]
 * interrogative, possessive ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || [|http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/pronouns-relative-reflexive-interrogative-possessive.html#lesson] ||
 * reflexive, indefinite ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || [|Reflexive Pronoun (exercises)] ||
 * relative, reciprocal ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Relative Pronoun Exercises ||
 * **Quantifiers** ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * **Questions:** ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   ||   ||
 * yes/no ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Yes/No Questions (Explanation and Exercises) ||
 * wh- ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Exercises ||
 * embedded questions ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Embedded Question (exercises) ||
 * tag questions ||=  ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Exercises ||
 * **Reported Speech** ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   ||   ||
 * reporting affirmative/negative sentences, questions and imperatives ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech.html ||
 * sequence of tenses ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || [|Exercises] ||
 * **Subjunctive mode** ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || []
 * //**There is, There are**// ||=  ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Exercises ||
 * **Verbs:** ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   ||   ||
 * be ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || To be, to have, to go exercises ||
 * have ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || To have, to be, to go exercises ||
 * negative forms ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Negative Forms (exercises) ||
 * imperatives ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Imperative Verb Exercises ||
 * **Verb tenses:** ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   ||   ||
 * verb tenses as phrases in order to achieve outcomes, e.g. I was born ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||  ||
 * Simple Present, Present Continuous ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || [] ||
 * Simple Future, //to be going to// ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || [|Exercises] ||
 * Simple Past (regular, irregular verbs) ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Simple Past Regular Verb Forms: quiz ||
 * Past Continuous ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Past Continuous (exercises) ||
 * Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Verb Tense Explanation and Many Exercises ||
 * Past Perfect ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Past Perfect Exercises ||
 * Future Continuous ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || [|Explanation and Exercises] ||
 * Future Perfect (Continuous) ||=  ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Many Exercises! ||
 * Past Perfect Continuous ||=  ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Test Yourself! ||
 * Simple Present with future time markers ||=  ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Simple Present and Simple Future with Future Time Markers (exercises) ||
 * Present Continuous with future time markers ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Present Continuous (exercises) ||
 * Present Continuous with //always// ||=  ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Present Continous with"always" see use 4 (exercises) ||
 * **Word order in a sentence** ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   ||   ||
 * S + V + O ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || English word order exercises ||
 * S + V + C ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||  ||
 * S + V + DO + IO ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Quiz comparing different Word Orders ||
 * **Other:** ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   ||   ||
 * Subject-verb agreement ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || [] ||
 * Parallel structures ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Grammatical Parallelism CLB 7+ ||
 * Word formation: prefixes and suffixes ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * Punctuation and capitalization ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || [] ||
 * Spelling ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Spelling City: practice spelling ||
 * Note-taking conventions ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * Paragraph-writing conventions ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Paragraph Writing Exercises ||
 * Note-writing conventions ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * Memo-writing conventions ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * Letter-writing conventions ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * Email- writing conventions ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || email etiquette ||
 * Essay-writing conventions ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || [] ||
 * References, quotations, bibliography conventions ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * Report-writing conventions (informal/form reports) ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * Report-, proposal-writing conventions (formal reports) ||=  ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * grammar terms ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   || [] ||


 * Spelling ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Spelling City: practice spelling ||
 * Note-taking conventions ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * Paragraph-writing conventions ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || Paragraph Writing Exercises ||
 * Note-writing conventions ||=  ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * Memo-writing conventions ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * Letter-writing conventions ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * Email- writing conventions ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || email etiquette ||
 * Essay-writing conventions ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** || [] ||
 * References, quotations, bibliography conventions ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * Report-writing conventions (informal/form reports) ||=  ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * Report-, proposal-writing conventions (formal reports) ||=  ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||
 * Report-, proposal-writing conventions (formal reports) ||=  ||=   ||=   ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||= **<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">* ** ||   ||

=** Grammar Resources – The Good Ones **= = Ø [|Welcome to the Study Zone!] – University of Victoria =
 * [] -- Shayna. from the United States, currently in Brazil, English teacher and translator. CELTA certification will send mini English lessons and free eBooks to your email address. nicely crafted visual presentations with grammar notes.
 * [|**English Page**] The best verb tense resource. Print and go. clear explanations of all tenses plus exercises.
 * [|**ESL Jokes**]** - Lessons that start with a joke – graded by Level **
 * [|**bogglesworldesl**][|.com] / - Worksheets, lesson plans, and activities, printable resources for TESOL, TEFL and Young Learner ...
 * [|**http://www.ESLFlow.com**] - created by ESL teacher, Peter Snashall, has hundreds of excellent lesson plans and ideas Materials are organized into three levels and twenty categories, among them Icebreakers, Grammar, Vocabulary, Debate, Reading, Pronunciation, Communication Techniques, and Academic Writing.
 * **ESL Galaxy Printables ** –[|Example – Festivals crossword]**pre-intermediate** over **2368 worksheets constantly updated**
 * [|English Club] Grammar, [|Warm Ups And Time Fillers] - ideas
 * [|Theme Lessons], [|Skills Lessons]. [|Listen To News], [|Language Tools - dictionary and] [|thesauraus] [| sites]
 * [|**Rong**] [| **Chang**] a starting point for ESL / EFL learners who want to study English through the Web. The site is updated constantly. It refers you to hundreds of other high-quality resources.
 * Mike the Grammar tutor answers questions. **Talk to Tutor Mike**
 * Here is a recent conversation I had with him.
 * //** YOU: Hi Mike, do I say: "None of us is cold" OR "None of us are cold " ? **// **Mike: //You say None of us is cold.//** //**YOU: How do I use the Present Perfect Continuous?**// **Mike: //The PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE indicates a continuous action that started in the past, continues until now, and is still continuing, or the action finished a moment ago.//**
 * ** Using English.com **[|**Lesson Plans – ready to print**]** - ****Nicely formatted worksheets - Graded by level, theme and purpose**
 * [|TeachThis.com]** EFL/ESL Activities, Worksheets, Lessons **
 * A ctivities are labelled with level and time allowance. Nicely formatted and ready to print for class
 * [|**TEFL.NET Lesson Plans**] Some lesson plans are arranged by level, but all adapt easily.
 * [|**Lingua Press**]** - Intermediate and advanced - **Limited selection, but good quality and comprehensive reading lesson plans - print and go.
 * ** Youtube ** ** – for a livelier grammar lesson - **
 * choose a grammar point and find songs and video lessons
 * Jennifer ESL – has very concise and well-presented video lessons
 * [] - writing - punctuation
 * Conditional songs – Tefl music []

Ø [|My English Pages] - LeaRN ENGLISH GRAMMAR ONLINE
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/nouns-possessive.htm Adverbs of time, place, manner[|Explanation and exercises]

[]
 * Simple Past**

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/verbs/modal-verbs/will-or-would
 * What is the difference between 'will' and 'would'.**

Verb Tense description and practice []

** The Eight Parts of Speech **
// Examples: // Mount Everest, book, horse, Peter, strength, car, Empire State Building, China, house, child // Examples: // I, they, their, ourselves, itself, your, my, nobody, who, which, her, we // Examples: // proud, purple, French, few, this, huge, sad, second, none // Examples: // play, run, think, study, smell, wait, be, drive, renounce, fill // Examples: // carefully, often, very, intelligently, quite, too, rarely, never // Examples: // and, or, but, neither, because, while, since, although // Examples: // in, until, of, from, after, under, beyond, across, toward // Examples: // Wow! Ah! Oh! No!
 * Noun ** - A word which is a person, place, thing or idea.
 * Pronoun ** - A word that is used to take the place of a noun.
 * Adjective ** - A word that is used to describe a noun or pronoun.
 * Verb ** - A word that indicates an action, being or state or being.
 * Adverb ** - A word that is used to describe a verb which tells how, where, or when something is done.
 * Conjunction ** - A word that is used to join words or groups of words.
 * Preposition ** - A word used indicating the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word.
 * Interjection ** - A single word used to express strong emotion.


 * **Rank** || **Base Form** || **Past Tense Form** || **Past Participle** ||
 * 1 || say || said || said ||
 * 2 || make || made || made ||
 * 3 || go || went || gone ||
 * 4 || take || took || taken ||
 * 5 || come || came || come ||
 * 6 || see || saw || seen ||
 * 7 || know || knew || known ||
 * 8 || get || got || got/gotten (US) ||
 * 9 || give || gave || given ||
 * 10 || find || found || found ||
 * 11 || think || thought || thought ||
 * 12 || tell || told || told ||
 * 13 || become || became || become ||
 * 14 || show || showed || shown ||
 * 15 || leave || left || left ||
 * 16 || feel || felt || felt ||
 * 17 || put || put || put ||
 * 18 || bring || brought || brought ||
 * 19 || begin || began || begun ||
 * 20 || keep || kept || kept ||
 * 21 || hold || held || held ||
 * 22 || write || wrote || written ||
 * 23 || stand || stood || stood ||
 * 24 || hear || heard || heard ||
 * 25 || let || let || let ||
 * 26 || mean || meant || meant ||
 * 27 || set || set || set ||
 * 28 || meet || met || met ||
 * 29 || run || ran || run ||
 * 30 || pay || paid || paid ||
 * 31 || sit || sat || sat ||
 * 32 || speak || spoke || spoken ||
 * 33 || lie || lay || lain ||
 * 34 || lead || led || led ||
 * 35 || read || read || read ||
 * 36 || grow || grew || grown ||
 * 37 || lose || lost || lost ||
 * 38 || fall || fell || fallen ||
 * 39 || send || sent || sent ||
 * 40 || build || built || built ||
 * 41 || understand || understood || understood ||
 * 42 || draw || drew || drawn ||
 * 43 || break || broke || broken ||
 * 44 || spend || spent || spent ||
 * 45 || cut || cut || cut ||
 * 46 || rise || rose || risen ||
 * 47 || drive || drove || driven ||
 * 48 || buy || bought || bought ||
 * 49 || wear || wore || worn ||
 * 50 || choose || chose || chosen ||

What are Modal Verbs ?
Modal verbs are words that modify the meaning of sentences in English. perhaps the easiest way to see how modal verbs work is to look at what happens when we add modals to sentences.


 * Sentence with no Modal > Meaning**

Jack __traveled__ around the world last year. > This tells you what Jack did. It's a fact.


 * Sentences with modal Verbs > Meaning**

Jack __couldn't travel__ around the world. > This means that Jack did not have the ability to travel or there was a __prohibition__ against it.

Jack __had to travel__ around the world last year. > This means that there was an __obligation__ for jack to travel it was necessary.

Jack __may have traveled__ around the world last year. > This means that you are not sure what jack did. It tells you about a __possibility__.

Do I have to know the meanings and uses of all of the modals ? There are so many !
No you don't. Try to know the usual meanings and use one or two modals for each meaning. Over time, as your language skills increase, you can begin to use more modals in a number of different situations.

**How do I know if this "can" is ability, request, permission or invitation ?**
This happens often with modals. You see the same modal with a number of different meanings. Look at the One-Word and Phrasal Modal charts below that give the forms and meanings of modals. The main way to understand the meaning of a modal verb is by its context. Ask yourself these questions: "What is the speaker or the writer trying to say? What is the situation?" These questions will help you understand the context.

Do I have to use modals?
No, you don't. You can avoid using modals. However, if you use them, you will speak more like a native speaker, and, in many cases, you will be able to say more in fewer words.

Example:


 * It's possible that I will** go out to dinner with my mother tonight. (six words)


 * Maybe I will** go out to dinner with my mother tonight. (three words)


 * I may** go out to dinner with my mother tonight. (two words)

The sentence using "may", says the same thing but with fewer words. When you're learning a language, try to keep things SIMPLE !

One-Word Modals > Meaning

 * Can** > ability, permission ... question, request ... question, invitation ... question
 * Can't** > negative Ability, prohibition, probability: inference
 * Could** > past ability, request ... question, invitation ... question, possibility, indirect speech
 * Couldn't** > probability: negative inference
 * Should** > Advisability / recommendation, probability: expectation
 * May** > permission ... question, indirect speech
 * Might** > possibility, indirect speech
 * Must** > obligation, probability: inference
 * Mustn't** > prohibition
 * Shall** > invitation, future
 * Would** > request ... question, invitation ... question, habitual past actions, indirect speech, conditionals
 * Will** > request ... question, future

Phrasal Modals > Meaning

 * Be able to** > ability
 * Be about to** > future
 * Be going to** > future
 * Be supposed to** > obligation
 * Be to** > obligation
 * Be willing to** > volunteering
 * Ought to** > advisability / recommendation, probability / expectation
 * Had better (not)** > advisability /recommendation
 * Might want to** > advisability /recommendation
 * Have to** > obligation, probability: inference
 * Not have to** > no obligation
 * Have got to** > obligation
 * Need to** > obligation
 * Not need to** > no obligation
 * Would like (to)** > desire & preference
 * Would prefer** > desire & preference
 * Would rather** > desire & preference
 * Would sooner** > desire & preference
 * Would (you) like ... ?** > invitation ... question
 * Would (you) mind ... ?** > request ... question
 * Used to** > habitual past actions

** LINC 4 **
Participles Used as Adjectives Both present and past participles are used with the verbs // to be // and // to have // to  create common verb tenses, but they can also be used as adjectives. Since there is a slight difference in meaning between the present and the past participles when they are used as adjectives, it is very important to choose the appropriate form. ► Present participles are formed by adding // –ing // to the verb stem. As an  adjective, a present participle modifies a noun that affects someone or  something else. The new song is interesting. The new song was interesting. ► Past participles are formed by adding // –ed, // to the verb stem, but some of the irregular forms may end in // –d, –en, –n, or –t. // As an adjective, a past participle modifies a noun that is affected by someone or something else. The fans are interested in the new song. The fans were interested in the new song. ►  Participles generally come before the noun they modify. They may also be  linked to the subject of the sentence by a linking verb such as // to be // or  // to feel. // The park is a frightening place at night. Steve felt frightened as he walked alone in the park at night. Practice Exercise In the sentences below, fill in the correct participles of the verbs in parentheses. 1. People who constantly complain are very __(annoy) to me.__ 2. Whenever Adrian gets (bore), he goes fishing. 3. The students were __(confuse) by the Professor’s lecture.__ 4. Most of the news on television is (depress). 5. The Ruttles were very (excite) to learn that their concert was sold out. 6. Babysitting young children can be __(exhaust) for many people.__ 7. Steve was so (fascinate) by the book that he finished it in one evening. 8. Would you be __(frighten) if you saw a vampire?__ 9. After eating a (satisfy) meal, the cat washed her face. 10. When Dagmar looked in the mirror, she was __ (surprise) to see that she had a leaf in her hair. Answers 1. People who constantly complain are very annoying to me. 2. Whenever Adrian gets bored, he goes fishing. 3. The students were confused by the Professor’s lecture. 4. Most of the news on television is depressing. 5. The Ruttles were very excited to learn that their concert was sold out. 6. Babysitting young children can be exhausting for many people. 7. Steve was so fascinated by the book that he finished it in one evening. 8. Would you be frightened if you saw a vampire? 9. After eating a satisfying meal, the cat washed her face. 10. When Dagmar looked in the mirror, she was surprised to see that she had a leaf in her hair.
 * 1 Adjectives; Present & Past Participle**


 * Definition of a past participle adjective ||
 * * A past participle adjective:
 * indicates a past or completed action or time
 * is formed from a __[|verb]__ using the perfect __[|aspect]__ and the passive __[|voice]__
 * does not take an __[|object]__
 * is often called the -ed form
 * often has the same form as the simple past of the verb
 * **Note:** only __[|transitive verbs]__ can use their past participles as __[|adjectives]__ ||

=LINC 4=
 * Examples of past participle adjectives ||
 * * The **bored** student.
 * The **confused** class. (all the students)
 * The chicken has eaten. (perfect aspect:)
 * The chicken was eaten. (passive voice)
 * The following words are **past participle adjectives**
 * verb - present participle - **past participle**
 * aggravate - aggravating - **aggravated**
 * alarm - alarming - **alarmed**
 * amaze - amazing - **amazed**
 * amuse - amusing - **amused**
 * annoy - annoying - **annoyed**
 * appall - appalling - **appalled**
 * astonish - astonishing - **astonished**
 * astound - astounding - **astounded**
 * bewilder - bewildering - **bewildered**
 * bore - boring - **bored**
 * calm - calming - **calmed**
 * captivate - captivating - **captivated**
 * challenge - challenging - **challenged**
 * charm - charming - **charmed**
 * comfort - comforting - **comforted**
 * compel - compelling - **compelled**
 * confuse - confusing - **confused**
 * convince - convincing - **convinced**
 * depress - depressing - **depressed**
 * devastate - devastating - **devastating**
 * disappoint - disappointing - **disappointed**
 * disgust - disgusting - **disgusted**
 * distract - distracting - **distracted**
 * distress - distressing - **distressed**
 * disturb - disturbing - **disturbed**
 * embarrass - embarrassing - **embarrassed**
 * enchant - enchanting - **enchanted**
 * encourage - encouraging - **encouraged**
 * entertain - entertaining - **entertained**
 * excite - exciting - **excited**
 * frighten - frightening - **frightened**
 * humiliate - humiliating - **humiliated**
 * infuriate - infuriating - **infuriated**
 * inspire - inspiring - **inspired**
 * insult - insulting - **insulted**
 * interest - interesting - **interested**
 * intimidate - intimidating - **intimidated**
 * intrigue - intriguing - **intrigued**
 * mislead - misleading - **misled**
 * mystify - mystifying - **mystified**
 * overwhelm - overwhelming - **overwhelmed**
 * please - pleasing - **pleased**
 * puzzle - puzzling - **puzzled**
 * refresh - refreshing - **refreshed**
 * relax - relaxing - **relaxed**
 * reward - rewarding - **rewarded**
 * satisfy - satisfying - **satisfied**
 * shock - shocking - **shocked**
 * sicken - sickening - **sickened**
 * startle - startling - **startled**
 * surprise - surprising - **surprised**
 * tempt - tempting - **tempted**
 * terrify - terrifying - **terrified**
 * threaten - threatening - **threatened**
 * tire - tiring - **tired**
 * welcome - welcoming - **welcomed**
 * worry - worrying - **worried** ||
 * 2 The Adjective Clause

Recognize an <span class="special_02">adjective clause when you see one.
An adjective clause—also called an //adjectival// or //relative// clause—will meet three requirements: The adjective clause will follow one of these two patterns: >> <span class="special_05">relative pronoun or adverb + <span class="special_05">subject + <span class="special_05">verb >> <span class="special_05">relative pronoun as subject + <span class="special_05">verb Here are some examples: >> Whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie >> <span class="special_02">Whose >> =relative pronoun; <span class="special_02">eyes = >> subject; <span class="special_02">pleaded = verb. >> Why Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie >> <span class="special_02">Why >> =relative adverb; <span class="special_02">Fred = >> subject; <span class="special_02">can stand = verb [<span class="special_02">not, an [|adverb], is not officially part of the verb]. >> That bounced across the kitchen floor >> <span class="special_02">That >> =relative pronoun functioning as subject; <span class="special_02">bounced = >> verb. >> Who hiccupped for seven hours afterward >> <span class="special_02">Who >> =relative pronoun functioning as subject; <span class="special_02">hiccupped = >> verb.
 * First, it will contain a [|subject] and [|verb].
 * Next, it will begin with a [|relative pronoun] [<span class="special_02">who, <span class="special_02">whom , <span class="special_02">whose , <span class="special_02">that , or <span class="special_02">which ] or a [|relative adverb] [<span class="special_02">when , <span class="special_02">where , or <span class="special_02">why ].
 * Finally, it will function as an [|adjective], answering the questions //What kind?// //How many?// or //Which one?//

Avoid writing a <span class="special_02">sentence fragment.
An adjective clause does not express a complete thought, so it cannot stand alone as a [|sentence]. To avoid writing a [|fragment], you must connect each adjective clause to a [|main clause]. Read the examples below. Notice that the adjective clause //follows// the word that it describes. >> Diane felt manipulated by her beagle Santana, <span class="special_02">whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie. >> Chewing with her mouth open is one reason <span class="special_02">why Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie. >> Growling ferociously, Oreo and Skeeter, Madison's two dogs, competed for the hardboiled egg <span class="special_02">that bounced across the kitchen floor. >> Laughter erupted from Annamarie, <span class="special_02">who hiccupped for seven hours afterward.

Punctuate an adjective clause correctly.
Punctuating adjective clauses can be tricky. For each sentence, you will have to decide if the adjective clause is essential or nonessential and then use commas accordingly. [|Essential clauses] do //not// require commas. An adjective clause is essential when you need the information it provides. Look at this example: >> The vegetables <span class="special_02">that people leave uneaten are often the most nutritious. <span class="special_02">Vegetables is nonspecific. To know which ones we are talking about, we must have the information in the adjective clause. Thus, the adjective clause is essential and requires no commas. If, however, we eliminate <span class="special_02">vegetables and choose a more specific noun instead, the adjective clause becomes [|nonessential] and //does// require commas to separate it from the rest of the sentence. Read this revision: >> Broccoli<span class="special_02">, which people often leave uneaten, is very nutritious.

Here is a brief review of the differences between gerunds and infinitives. || || ** Gerunds ** are formed with ** ING ** :
 * LINC 4**
 * 6. Gerunds & Infinitves**
 * ** walking, talking, thinking, listening ** ||
 * || ** Infinitives ** are formed with ** TO ** : || ** to walk, to talk, to think, to listen ** ||

Gerunds and infinitives can do several jobs: || || ** Both gerunds and infinitives ** can be the ** subject of a sentence: ** :
 * ** Writing in English is difficult. **** To write in English is difficult. ** ||
 * || ** Both gerunds and infinitives ** can be the ** object of a verb: ** : ||
 * ** I like writing in English. **** I like to write in English. ** ||
 * ** But... ** ||
 * || ** Only gerunds ** can be the ** object of a preposition: ** : ||
 * ** We are talking about writing in English. ** ||
 * || ** Only gerunds ** can be the ** object of a preposition: ** : ||
 * ** We are talking about writing in English. ** ||

It is often difficult to know when to use a gerund and when to use an infinitive. These guidelines may help you: || || ** Gerunds ** are often used when actions are ** real, concrete or completed: ** :
 * I stopped ** smoking . ** (The smoking was real and happened until I stopped.) ||
 * || ** Infinitives ** are often used when actions are ** unreal, abstract, or future: ** : ||
 * I stopped ** to smoke . ** (I was doing something else, and I stopped; the smoking had not happened yet.) ||
 * I stopped ** to smoke . ** (I was doing something else, and I stopped; the smoking had not happened yet.) ||


 * ==LINC 4==
 * 10. Rejoinders**

Rejoinders are quick responses to show that you are interested or paying attention.
(Oh) Really? That's interesting. Is that right?

Note how rejoinders are used in the following situations.
|| 1. I just got a new job. 2. I lost my wallet yesterday. ||  || Oh really? That's great! Oh really? That's too bad. ||

Rejoinders may also take the form of follow-up questions. Note how they are used in the following situations.
2. Johnny is in the hospital. 3. I'm going to Hawaii. ||  || You did? He is? You are? ||  ||
 * 1. I just bought a new car.

** ADJECTIVE PHRASES ** K. Hanson Adjective clauses can be reduced to adjective phrases under certain grammatical conditions. In the examples below, you will see a noun modified by an adjective clause and then an example of the same noun modified by the shorter adjective phrase. The red dots indicate that the main clause is incomplete as you are focusing only on clause-to-phrase reduction in these examples. For such reductions to occur, __the relative pronoun must be a subject pronoun in all cases.__ __ Listen to reductions of adjective clauses __ Find out more about __verbals__, click verbals under Parts of Speech. [|http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/index2.html#parts] Find out more about __appositives__. [] READING CHALLENGE The following news article provides information about an important new medical advance in the treatment of heart disease. The first time you read the article, read for information. Then take the reading quiz below. The second time you read the article, use it as a grammar search and review. Print out the article and follow these directions: 1. [Bracket] all adjective clauses and __underline__ the nouns they modify. 2. Put (parentheses) around adjective phrases and __underline__ the nouns they modify. 3. Circle __appositives__. Underline the nouns they identify or modify. 4. Identify adjective clauses, phrases, and appositives as Restrictive (R) or Nonrestrictive (NR). Write this information in the margins of the reading. You will find examples of each type of adjective phrase listed above. Open the Check Grammar Search link only after you have reread the article and searched for adjective clauses and phrases of the various types listed above. __[|Read the article]__ Take the Reading Quiz Print the article, do the grammar search, and fill in [|table 1]and [|table 2], which you will need to print off. __[|Check Grammar Search]__
 * Grammatical Condition ||  Clause  ||  Phrase  ||
 * Verb in adjective clause is an active verb || People __who live__in large cities...  ||  people __living__ in large cities...  ||
 * Verb in adjective clause is progressive || Students __who are studying__ at urban campuses...  ||  Students __studying__ at urban campuses...  ||
 * Verb in adjective clause is passive || Children __who are born__ with congenital heart disease...  ||  Children born with congenital heart disease... (the preferred style)  ||
 * Adj. clause has the verb be + __adjective + infinitive complement__ || Children __who are most likely to recover__ from serious illness...  ||  Children __most likely to recover__ from serious illness...  ||
 * Adj. clause has another name for the modified noun (an appositive) || Dr. Francisco Ramirez, __who is chief pediatric surgeon__ atChildren's Hospital,...  ||  Dr. Francisco Ramirez, __chief pediatric surgeon__ at Children's Hospital ,... the appositive phrase is preferred style and is non-restrictive.  ||

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Tahoma; font-size: 12px;">The English language has both regular and irregular plural forms of nouns.
==<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Tahoma; font-size: 12px;">The most common case is when you need to add -s to the noun. For example //one car// and //two cars//. == <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Tahoma; font-size: 12px;">The other two cases of the regular plural form are: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Tahoma; font-size: 12px;">On the irregular plural form of nouns there are basically eight cases: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Tahoma; font-size: 12px;">It might appear overwhelming, but after using these nouns a couple of times you will be able to memorize their plural form easily.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Tahoma; font-size: 12px;">nouns that end with s, x, ch or sh, where you add -es (e.g., one box, two boxes)
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Tahoma; font-size: 12px;">nouns that end with consonant + y, where you change the y with i and add -es (e.g., one enemy, two enemies)
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Tahoma; font-size: 12px;">nouns that end with -o, where you add -es (e.g., one potato, two potatoes)
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Tahoma; font-size: 12px;">nouns ending with -is, where you change -is to -es (e.g., one crisis, two crises)
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Tahoma; font-size: 12px;">nouns ending with -f, where you change -f to -v and add -es (e.g., one wolf, two wolves)
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Tahoma; font-size: 12px;">nouns ending with -fe, where you change -f to -v and add -s (e.g., one life, two lives)
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Tahoma; font-size: 12px;">nouns ending with -us, where you change -us to -i (e.g., one fungus, two fungi)
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Tahoma; font-size: 12px;">nouns that contain -oo, change -oo to -ee (e.g., one foot, two feet)
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Tahoma; font-size: 12px;">nouns that end with -on, where you change -on with -a (e.g., phenomenon, phenomena)
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Tahoma; font-size: 12px;">nouns that don’t change (e.g., sheep, offspring, series)